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CIA publicly acknowledges 1953 coup it backed in Iran was undemocratic_我的网站

一 |     DUBAI, United Arab Emirates -- While revealing new details about one of the most famed CIA operations of all times — the spiriting out of six American diplomats who escaped the 1979 U.S. Embassy seizure in Iran — the intelligence agency for the first time has acknowledged something else as well.The CIA now officially describes the 1953 coup it backed in Iran that overthrew its prime minister and cemented the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as undemocratic.Other American officials have made similar remarks in the past, but the CIA's acknowledgment in a podcast about the agency's history comes as much of its official history of the coup remains classified 70 years after the putsch. That complicates the public's understanding of an event that still resonates, as tensions remain high between Tehran and Washington over the Islamic Republic's rapidly advancing nuclear program, its aiding of militia groups across the Mideast and as it cracks down on dissent. The “CIA’s leadership is committed to being as open with the public as possible," the agency said in a statement responding to questions from The Associated Press. "The agency’s podcast is part of that effort — and we knew that if we wanted to tell this incredible story, it was important to be transparent about the historical context surrounding these events, and CIA’s role in it.”In response to questions from the AP, Iran's mission to the United Nations described the 1953 coup as marking “the inception of relentless American meddling in Iran’s internal affairs” and dismissed the U.S. acknowledgments.“The U.S. admission never translated into compensatory action or a genuine commitment to refrain from future interference, nor did it change its subversive policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran,” the mission said in a statement. The CIA's podcast, called “The Langley Files” as its headquarters is based in Langley, Virginia, focused two recent episodes on the story of the six American diplomats' escape. While hiding at the home of the Canadian ambassador to Iran, a two-man CIA team entered Tehran and helped them fly out of the country while pretending to be members of a crew scouting for a made-up science fiction film.The caper, retold in the 2012 Academy Award-winning film “Argo” directed by and starring Ben Affleck, offered a dramatized version of the operation, with Affleck playing the late CIA officer Antonio “Tony” Mendez. The podcast for the first time identified the second CIA officer who accompanied Mendez, naming him as agency linguist and exfiltration specialist Ed Johnson. He previously only had been known publicly by the pseudonym “Julio.”“Working with the six — these are rookies," Johnson recounts in an interview aired by the podcast. "They were people who were not trained to lie to authorities. They weren’t trained to be clandestine, elusive.” But in the podcast, another brief exchange focuses on the 1953 coup.In it, CIA spokesman and podcast host Walter Trosin cites the claims of agency historians that the majority of the CIA’s clandestine activities in its history “bolstered” popularly elected governments.“We should acknowledge, though, that this is, therefore, a really significant exception to that rule,” Trosin says of the 1953 coup.CIA historian Brent Geary, appearing on the podcast, agrees.“This is one of the exceptions to that," Geary says.Seven decades later, the 1953 coup remains as hotly debated as ever by Iran, its theocratic government, historians and others. Iran's hard-line state television spent hours discussing the coup that toppled Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh on its anniversary in June. In their telling, a straight line leads from the coup to the 1979 Islamic Revolution that ultimately toppled the fatally ill shah. It still fuels the anti-Americanism that colors decisions made by the theocracy, whether in arming Russia in its war on Ukraine or alleging without evidence that Washington fomented the recent nationwide mass protests targeting it. From the U.S. side, the CIA's hand in the coup quickly was revealed as a success of Cold War espionage, though historians in recent years have debated just how much influence the agency's actions had. It also led the CIA into a series of further coups in other countries, including Guatemala, where American clandestine action in 1954 installed a military dictator and sparked a 40-year civil war that likely killed some 245,000 people.That's led to an American political reappraisal of the 1953 CIA action in Iran. Then-Secretary of State Madeleine Albright acknowledged the U.S.' "significant role" in the coup in 2000. President Barack Obama, speaking in Cairo in 2009, described the CIA's work as leading to the “overthrow of a democratically elected Iranian government.” But largely absent from the discussion was the CIA itself. After years of conflicting versions of the coup both in public and classified papers, a member of the CIA's own in-house team of historians wrote a reappraisal of the operation in a 1998 paper titled “Zendebad, Shah!” in Farsi — or “Long Live the Shah!”But despite a series of American historical documents being made public, including a major tranche of State Department papers in 2017, large portions of that CIA reappraisal remain heavily redacted despite attempts to legally pry them loose by the George Washington University-based National Security Archive. That's even after pledges by former agency directors Robert Gates and James Woolsey Jr. in the 1990s to release documents from that coup and others engineered by the agency. Further complicating any historical reckoning is the CIA's own admission that many files related to the 1953 coup likely had been destroyed in the 1960s.“It’s wrong to suggest that the coup operation itself has been fully declassified. Far from it," said Malcolm Byrne of the National Security Archive. "Important parts of the record are still being withheld, which only contributes to public confusion and encourages myth-making about the U.S. role long after the fact.”。

二 |     Fox和同事在研究中利用了莱茵兰研究的信息，这是一项由DZNE在德国波恩附近进行的基于人口的大型研究。他们特别研究了2550名30至94岁之间的人的身体活动数据，以及通过磁共振成像（MRI）获得的大脑图像。参与研究的人在他们的大腿上部佩戴了一个加速度计七天，以收集他们的身体活动数据。磁共振成像扫描显示了新的细节，特别是大脑体积和大脑皮层的厚度。

三 | 活动越多，效果越大"观察结果能够表明，体育活动对几乎所有被调查的大脑区域都有明显的影响。一般来说，我们可以说，体育活动越多、越激烈，大脑区域就越大，无论是体积还是皮质厚度，"Fox总结了研究结果。"特别是，我们在海马体观察到这一点，海马体被认为是记忆的控制中心。较大的脑容量比较小的脑容量能提供更好的保护，防止神经变性"。然而，大脑区域的大小并不随着体力活动而线性增加。比较那些久坐的研究参与者和那些只是适度运动的人，研究小组发现最大的、几乎是突然的体积增加，这在70岁以上的老年人中尤其明显。"这是一个非常好的消息--特别是对于那些不愿意运动的人，"Ahmad Aziz说，他是DZNE"人口和临床神经流行病学"研究小组的负责人。"我们的研究结果表明，即使是很小的行为改变，如每天步行15分钟或走楼梯而不是乘电梯，也可能对大脑产生实质性的积极影响，并可能抵消与年龄有关的脑物质损失和神经退行性疾病的发展。

四 | 特别是老年人已经可以从适度增加低强度的体育活动中获益"。通常从事中度至高强度体育活动的年轻和有点运动天赋的受试者也有相对较高的脑容量。然而，在更加活跃的受试者中，这些大脑区域稍大。这里还显示：越活跃，效果越大，尽管在高水平的体育活动中，有益的效果趋于平缓。受益最大的大脑区域为了确定从体育活动中受益最多的大脑区域的特征，研究小组在数据库中搜索了在这些大脑区域特别活跃的基因。Fox说："主要是这些基因对线粒体的运作至关重要，线粒体是我们细胞的动力装置。这意味着在这些大脑区域有特别多的线粒体。线粒体为我们的身体提供能量，为此它们需要大量的氧气。与其他脑区相比，这需要增加血流量。

五 | 在体育活动期间，这一点得到了特别好的保证，这可以解释为什么这些大脑区域从运动中受益。

六 | "运动保护生物信息学分析进一步显示，其表达受体育活动影响的基因与那些受神经退行性疾病（如阿尔茨海默氏症、帕金森氏症或亨廷顿氏症）影响的基因之间有很大的重叠。研究小组总结说，这可能为体育活动具有神经保护作用的原因提供一个潜在的解释。Aziz说："通过我们的研究，我们能够以前所未有的详细程度来描述从体育活动中受益的大脑区域。我们希望我们的结果将为进一步的研究提供重要线索。"研究人员希望进一步推动更多的体育活动--促进大脑健康和预防神经退行性疾病。"即使是适度的体育活动也会有帮助。因此，这只是一个小小的努力--但却有很大的影响"。

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Published on:06:34:28